However solitary a major writer is by vocation, he or she trends to find a closest friend in a contemporary literary artist.Perhaps rivals attract:shakespear aand Ben johnson,Byron and Shelly,Hawthorne and Melville,Hemingway and Scott Fizgerald,Eliot and Pound,Hart Crane and Allen Tate are just few pairings, to stay within Anglo-american tradition. Yet the tendency is everywhere: Goethe and Schille,Wordsworth and colerige,swift and Pope, Tolstory and Chkhov,Herry James and Edith wharton, and many more, too numberous to list. the locales waver: Hemingway and Fizgerald in Paris,Byron and shelly in Italy extile together, Eliot and Pound in London. There are giant expections: Cervantes,Milton,Victor Hugo,Emily dickson,Joyce and Bekette (through only after their early association).
Cities are the essential requistie for literary relationships, including those dominated by a father fighre, The London assemblage of the Sons of Ben Johnson: Carew,Lovelace,Herick,Suckling,Randoph and many more, or Dr.Samuel Johnson and his club of Boswell,Goldsmith,burke, among others, or Mallame and his disciples, including Valery, who was to surpass his master. Modernist London always calls up Bloomsbury, with Virginia Woolf as its Luminous figure, the ornament of a group that in its own idiosyncratic mode saw E.W.forster as its patriarch.
Even in the computer screen, proximity is essential for literary fellowship.but so far I have considered city as literary place only regard to writers.As subject, indeed as the given of literature, the city is a larger matter. The movement from garden to city as literary focus is powerful clear in the hebrew Bible,when Yahweh movs his abode from Mount Sinai to mount zion,and thus to solomen’sTemple.As the mountain of the Covenant,sinai stands at the origin, but surprisingly Ezekiel locates “Eden, the garden of God” as a plateau on zion, both cosmological mountain and paradise. When Yahweh takes upm residence in the Temple, his Eden is close by, yet nevertheless the transition from garden to city has been accomplished.this is the holy city, but to the literary imagination all the great cities are scared: Paris,London,dublin,Petersburg,Rome,and New york are also sanctified, whatever suffering and inequity transpire in them.
4.
in the United states the national capital,washington D.C, is scarcely a city of the mind, not only when contrasted to New York City, but also to boston,chicago,San Francisco.Paris,London,Rome are at once capitals and literary centers, but WashingtonD.C. has harbored few major American writers and has provided sbujects only for political novelists,like Henry Adams and gore Vidal. The great american Novel perpetually remains to be written,despite such earlier splendors as The Scarlet Letter,Moby-Dick,Huckleberry finn, and the Potrait of a lady, and a handfull of later masterpieces from As I Lay Dying and The sound and The Fury,The Sun also Rises and The Great Gatsby, on to Gravity’s Rainbow,Sabbath’Theater,Underworld, and Blood Meridian.I rather doubt that it will take Washington,D.C. as subject,or be composed by an inhabitant thereof.
The industrialization of the great cities in the nineteenth century gave us the novels of Victor Hugo,dickens,Zola which produced a realism totally phantasmagic, now probably no longer available to us. computer urbanism does not seem likely to stimulate imaginative literature. visual overdetermination overwhelms the inward eye and abandons us to narative or the formal splendors of poetry and drama.there is something haunting elegiac about fresh evocations of literary places, here and now in the early years of the twenty-first century.
(<Bloom’s Literature Places,London> )